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Prompt injection: the attack surface nobody scoped

Most application security assumes that input and instructions are separable things. You validate the input, and the code decides what to do with it. Language models break that assumption completely, and the consequences are only starting to be understood.

Everything in the context window is an instruction

Direct injection is annoying; indirect injection is dangerous

Guardrails raise cost, they do not enforce boundaries

Retrieval systems leak across boundaries

Agents turn a text problem into an access problem

Treat model output as hostile input

A practical starting point

  1. Write down every input path into the context window, including documents and retrieved content
  2. List every tool, API and data source the model can reach, and what permissions it holds
  3. Ask what the worst action an attacker could take via injection would be, and reduce it
  4. Test retrieval with cross-user and cross-tenant queries before you ship
  5. Validate and encode every output that reaches another system
  6. Keep a human in the loop for anything irreversible

Start with the gaps, not the shopping list.

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